You need to make notes because you need an information storage system.
You will understand the topic in more depth.
Distance learners do not attend classes to listen to lectures; they sit at home and read from their study guides. The study guide accompanies the textbook from which students master the course. Study reading is not enough. Successful students make notes of what they have read.
The notes serve two purposes:
When you are learning new content, you have to ensure that the material is processed so that you understand and recall it. New information is best processed if you reorganise it to suit your way of learning. The best way of processing information is to make notes. Visual notes and linear notes are the two main styles of note-making. Broadly speaking, if you have an imaginative learning style, a creative, visual approach to note-making should appeal to you. If your learning style is more factual, you might prefer the tidier, step-by-step, narrative approach to make notes.
How do you decide which is the best method to apply? Students make notes differently, but they all manage to prepare adequately for their assignments and the exam. The most important thing to remember is to start reorganising the information to suit you.
Your choice depends on several issues, such as what time of the year is it (the beginning of the year equals an overview to establish a frame of reference, or exam preparation time equals detail to consolidate the knowledge base), your estimate of the nature of the study task (is it complex; unfamiliar; or entails many pages of learning), your learning style (do you start with an overall idea or do you prefer a step-by-step approach).
The following contains some suggestions you may want to experiment with. Starting a course means that a useful point of departure is the extraction of an overall idea of what the content is about. A mind map, cluster gram or organogram could be considered and is based on the list of content as well as chapter headings and subheadings to master the overview.
When you are faced with a chapter or section, you could use one of the narrative methods such as segmenting and labelling, keyword and paragraph method, or question method to master a closer understanding of the textbook or study guide. If you first applied one of the visual note-making methods, the structure of the course or the particular chapter should now be fixed in your memory. Keeping the structure in mind as you read through the chapter, and then making notes helps to change the feeling of unfamiliarity to one of knowing. You should be experiencing the "AH HA" feeling: "now I see how it fits together!"
Using both visual and narrative methods of making notes ensure that you do not get bored and drowsy while studying. Because you are using the methods interchangeably, you can maintain your concentration. By actively searching for meaning, recalling the information becomes easier. Mixing different note-making methods to master your course material is the characteristic of a study-wise student. Irrespective of your preferred style (visual or narrative) the challenge of note making is centred on your ability to experiment with various approaches to study tasks and to find the most effective matches.
Example of a visual note making method: mind map
Steps to follow
Step 1:
Start with a central image - use the list of content. It is the shortest summary of the book.
Step 2:
Add keywords/ phrases to the central image (section and chapter headings).
Step 3:
If you need more keywords/ phrases, use the headings and subheadings of each chapter. You have now established a frame of reference (an understanding of how different sections, chapters, and their subsections relate to each other).
Step 4:
Use the mind map as a self-test. Put away your books and notes. Take a clean sheet of paper and from memory reproduce what you have just mind mapped. Compare it to your first effort.
Example of a narrative note-making method: question system
Steps to follow
Source
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Study @ Unisa is your study survival kit. Use the information in this guide to help you get started with your studies. In addition, the guide provides quick links to all the support offered by Unisa, as well as information regarding important processes such as submitting assignments.
Jy moet aantekeninge maak omdat jy ’n inligtingsbewaringstelsel nodig het.
Deur aantekeninge te maak, sal jy die onderwerp in meer diepte kan verstaan.
Afstandsleerders woon nie klasse by om na lesings te luister nie; hulle is dus nie kampusstudente nie. Die inligting wat afstandstudente nodig het, word in die vorm van studiegidse (όf aanlyn όf in gedrukte formaat), handboeke en ander hulpbronne soos vaktydskrifartikels beskikbaar gestel. Studielees is nie genoeg nie; suksesvolle studente maak aantekeninge van dit wat hulle gelees het.
Aantekeninge het ’n dubbele doel:
Wanneer jy nuwe inhoud leer, moet jy seker maak dat jy die materiaal verwerk sodat jy in staat sal wees om dit te verstaan en te onthou. Nuwe inligting kan die beste verwerk word as jy dit herrangskik om by jou manier van leer te pas. Die beste manier om inligting te verwerk, is om aantekeninge te maak. Visuele aantekeninge en lineêre aantekeninge is die twee vernaamste style vir die maak van aantekeninge. Oor die algemeen behoort ’n kreatiewe, visuele benadering tot die maak van aantekeninge by jou byval te vind indien jy ’n verbeeldingryke leerstyl het. As jou leerstyl egter meer feitelik is, sal jy moontlik die netjieser, stapsgewyse, verhalende benadering verkies wanneer jy aantekeninge maak.
Hoe besluit jy watter metode is die beste een om toe te pas? Begin deur die inligting te herrangskik soos jy verkies.
Jou keuse hang van verskillende faktore af, soos die tyd van die jaar (aan die begin van die jaar of semester sal jy miskien ’n oorsig wil gee om as verwysingsraamwerk te dien, terwyl jy nader aan die eksamen dalk eerder besonderhede sal aandui as ’n manier om jou kennisbasis te versterk); jou skatting van die aard van die studietaak (is dit ingewikkeld of onbekend; behels dit baie bladsye se leerwerk?); en jou leerstyl (begin jy met ’n oorkoepelende idee, of verkies jy ’n stapsgewyse benadering?).
Hier is ’n paar voorstelle wat jy kan ondersoek. Wanneer jy met ’n kursus begin, kan die formulering van ’n algemene idee van waaroor die inhoud gaan, ’n nuttige vertrekpunt wees. Jy kan dit doen deur ’n breinkaart, trosdiagram of organogram te teken op grond van die inhoudsopgawe en die afdeling- en onderafdeling-opskrifte.
Wanneer jy ’n hoofstuk of ’n afdeling aanpak, kan jy een van die verhalende metodes soos segmentering en etikettering; die sleutelwoord-en-paragraaf-metode; of die vraagmetode gebruik om ’n beter begrip van die handboek of die studiegids te vorm. As jy begin het deur een van die visuele metodes te gebruik om aantekeninge te maak, behoort die struktuur van die kursus of die bepaalde hoofstuk nou in jou geheue vasgelê te wees. Om die struktuur in gedagte te hou terwyl jy deur die hoofstuk lees, en dan aantekeninge te maak, help jou om van ’n gevoel van onbekendheid na kennis te beweeg. Jy moet vir jouself kan sê: “Ja! Nou sien ek hoe alles inmekaarpas!”
Deur sowel visuele as verhalende metodes te gebruik om aantekeninge te maak, kan jy verhoed dat jy verveeld of lomerig raak terwyl jy studeer. Afwisseling van die metodes sal jou help om jou konsentrasie te behou. Wanneer jy aktief probeer om sin te maak, raak dit makliker om die inligting te onthou. Kombinering van verskillende aantekeningmetodes in jou bemeestering van studiemateriaal is die strategie wat deur ’n wyse student gevolg word. Watter styl jy ook al verkies wanneer jy aantekeninge maak (dit wil sê, visueel of verhalend), die uitdaging lê in jou vermoë om met verskillende benaderings te eksperimenteer vir studeertake, en om te identifiseer watter daarvan die mees doeltreffende is.
Voorbeeld van ’n visuele aantekeningmetode: breinkaart
Stappe om te volg
Stap 1
Begin met ’n sentrale konsep. Gebruik die inhoudsopgawe – dit is die mees kernagtige opsomming van die studiegids of boek.
Stap 2
Voeg sleutelwoorde of -frases by om die sentrale konsep uit te brei (hoofstuk- en afdelingopskrifte).
Stap 3
As jy meer sleutelwoorde of -frases nodig het, gebruik die onderopskrifte in elke hoofstuk. Jy het nou ’n verwysingsraamwerk gevestig (m.a.w. ’n begrip van hoe die verskillende afdelings, hoofstukke, en hul onderafdelings met mekaar verband hou).
Stap 4
Gebruik die geheuekaart as ’n selftoets. Bêre jou boeke en aantekeninge. Gebruik ’n skoon vel papier en maak op jou geheue staat om weer te gee wat jy so pas op die breinkaart geskryf het. Vergelyk dit met jou eerste poging.
Voorbeeld van ’n verhalende aantekeningmetode: vraagstelsel
Stappe om te volg
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Study @ Unisa is jou studie-oorlewingspak. Gebruik die inligting in hierdie gids om jou te help om met jou studie te begin. Die gids bevat ook vinnige skakels na al die ondersteuningsdienste wat Unisa bied, sowel as inligting oor belangrike prosesse soos die indiening van werkopdragte.
O swanetše go ngwala dinoutse go boloka tshedimošo ya gago.
Ka go ngwala dinoutse, o tla kgona go kwešiša thuto ka mo go tseneletšego.
Baithuti ba go ithuta ba le kgole ga ba rutwe ka phapošing ya borutelo go theeletša dithuto; ba ithuta ka ntle ga khamphase, ba hwetša thuto ya bona ka mokgwa wa dipukutlhahlo (tšeo di lego onlaene goba tšeo di gatišitšwego), dipukukgakollo le methopo e mengwe, bjalo ka diathikele tša ditšenale. Go bala fela ga se gwa lekana. Baithuti bao ba atlegago ba ngwala dinoutse ka seo ba se badilego.
Dinoutse di na le merero e mebedi:
Ge o ithuta diteng tša thuto e mpsha, o swanetše go netefatša gore o bala thuto gore o kgone go e kwešiša le go e gopola. O ithuta tshedimošo e mpsha gabotse ge o e ngwalaleswa ka mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta. Tsela e botse ya go hwetša tsebo ke ka go ngwala dinoutse. Dinoutse tša go bonwa le dinoutse tša go ngwalwa ka lenaneo ke mehuta e mebedi ya go ngwala dinoutse. Ka kakaretšo, ge o ithuta ka boikgopolelo, ka boitlhamelo, mokgwa wa go ngwala dinoutse o tla go kgahla. Ge o ithuta ka mokgwa wa dintlha tša nnete, o ka thabela mokgwa wa go ngwala ka bothakga, wa go ngwala kgato ka kgato, wa go ngwala ka mokgwa wa kanegelo.
O tšea bjang sephetho sa gore ke mokgwa ofe o mo kaone wo o ka o šomišago? Thoma ka go ngwalaleswa tshedimošo ka mokgwa wo o go swanetšego.
Kgetho ya gago e laolwa ke dintlha tše mmalwa, bjalo ka nako ya ngwaga (mathomong a ngwaga goba a semesetara o ka nyaka go ngwala kakaretšo go hloma lenaneo la tšhupetšo, mola ge e le nako ya go itokišetša ditlhahlobo tša gago o ka nyaka go ngwala dintlha bjalo ka mokgwa wa go kgoboketša motheo wa tsebo ya gago), tekanyetšo ya gago ya mohuta wa mošomo wa gago (naa o raragane, goba ga o tsebege; naa o akaretša matlakala a mantši a go ithuta?), le mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta (naa o thoma ka kgopolo ya kakaretšo, goba o rata mokgwa wa go ngwala kgato ka kgato?).
Tše ke ditšhišinyo tše dingwe tšeo o ka nyakago go di šomiša. Ge o thoma thuto, ntlha e bohlokwa ya go thoma e ka ba go ngwala kgopolokgolo gore thuto e ka mabapi le eng. O ka dira se ka peakanyo ya dintlha le dikakanyo, ditlelastakeramo goba diokanokeramo tšeo di theilwego godimo ga lenaneo la diteng le dihlogo tša karolo le dikarolwana.
Ge o thoma kgaolo goba karolo, o ka šomiša o mongwe wa mekgwa ya kanegelo bjalo ka go aroganya le go swaya dikarolo, mokgwa wa go ngwala mantšu a bohlokwa le ditemana, goba mokgwa wa dipotšišo go kwešiša pukukgakollo goba pukutlhahlo. Ge o thomile ka go šomiša wo mongwe wa mehuta ya go ngwala dinoutse tše di bonwago, sebopego sa thuto goba kgaolo e itšego e swanetše go tsepama kgopolong ya gago. Go gopola sebopego ge o bala kgaolo le go ngwala dinoutse go go thuša go tloga go maemo a go se tsebe go ya go maemo a go tseba. O swanetše go ipotša gore: "Ee! Bjale ke a kwešiša!"
Go šomiša mekgwa e mebedi ya pono le ya kanegelo ya go ngwala dinoutse go netefatša gore o be le mafolofolo gomme o se robale ge o ithuta. Go šomiša mekgwa e mebedi go tla go thuša go dula o tsepamiša kgopolo. Ge o nyaka tlhalošo ka mafolofolo, go gopola tshedimošo go ba bonolo. Go kopantšha mekgwa ya go fapana ya go ngwala dinoutse go ithuta matheriale wa khoso ya gago ke leano la moithuti yo a nago le bohlale bja go ithuta! Go sa šetšwe mokgwa wo o o ratago (wa pono goba wa kanegelo), tlhohlo ya go ngwala dinoutse e lebane kudu le bokgoni bja gago bja go leka mekgwa ya go fapana ya mešongwana ya thuto le go tseba yeo e šomago kudu.
Example of a visual note making method: mind map
Dikgato tše di latelwago
Kgato ya 1
Thoma ka kgopolokgolo. Šomiša lenaneo la diteng – ke kakaretšo e kopana kudu ya pukutlhahlo goba ya pukukgakollo.
Kgato ya 2
Ngwala mantšu a bohlokwa goba dikafoko go katološa kgopolokgolo (dihlogo tša kgaolo le dikarolo).
Kgato ya 3
Ge o nyaka go oketša mantšu a bohlokwa goba dikafoko, šomiša dihlogo go kgaolo e nngwe le e nngwe. Bjale o na le motheo wa tšhupetšo (o kwešiša ka moo dikarolo tša go fapana, dikgaolo le dikarolwana di amanago ka gona).
Kgato ya 4
Šomiša peakanyo ya dintlha go itekola. Bea dipuku le dinoutse tša gago. Tšea letlakala le le hlwekilego la pampiri gomme o tšweletše se o se ngwadilego ntle le go šomiša dinoutse. Bapetša se o se ngwadilego le dinoutse.
Example of a narrative note-making method: question system
Dikgato tše di latelwago
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Pukwana ya Study @ Unisa ke sedirišwa se bohlokwa kudu sa thuto ya gago. Šomiša tshedimošo ka go tlhahli ye go go thuša go thoma dithuto tša gago. Go tlaleletša, tlhahli ye e na le dilinki tša ditirelo tša Unisa tša thekgo le tshedimošo mabapi le dintlha tše bohlokwa bjalo ka go romela diasaenemente.
Ikgokaganye le senthara ya Unisa ya kgauswi le wena go botšiša ka diwekešopo tša bokgoni bja go ithuta tšeo di ka bago gona. Ge o sa kgone go ya ka sebele, download tlhagišo ya wekešopo ya Notemaking.
O tlhoka go kwala dintlha gonne o tlhoka tsamaiso ya go boloka tshedimosetso.
Ka go kwala dintlha, o tlaa tlhaloganya setlhogo sentle.
Barutwana ba ba kwa kgakala ga ba tsenele dithuto mo phaposiborutelong go reetsa tlhatlhelelo; ba ithuta ba se kwa khemphaseng, mme tshedimosetso e ba e tlhokang e mo dikaeding tsa thuto (tse di kaneng di le mo maranyaneng gongwe di gatisitswe), dibuka tse di tlhaotsweng, le metswedi e mengwe, go tshwana le diathikele tsa dijenale. Go ithuta ka go buisa ga go a lekana. Baithuti ba ba atlegileng ba kwala dintlha tse ba di buisang.
Dintlha tseo di na le mesola e mebedi:
Fa o buisa diteng tse dintšhwa, o tlhoka go netefatsa gore o dirisa matheriale tota gore o kgone go o tlhaloganya le go o gakologelwa. Tshedimosetso e ntšhwa e tlhaloganyega botoka fa o e rulaganya sešwa gore e e tshwanele tsela e o ithutang ka yona. Tsela e e gaisang ya go tlhaloganya tshedimosetos ke go kwala dintlha. Dintlha tsa ditshwantsho le dintlha tse di kwalwang ka tatelano ke mekgwa e mebedi e megolo ya go tsaya dintlha. Ka kakaretso, fa o na le mokgwa wa go ithuta wa go ikakanyetsa, o tshwanetse go kgatlhwa ke molebo wa go tsaya dintlha ka boitlhamedi, le ditshwantsho. Fa mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta e le wa dintlha, o ka kgatlhwa ke molebo wa go kwala dintlha o o rulaganeng, wa kgato ka kgato, le o o anelang.
O swetsa jang gore ke mokgwa ofe o o botoka go ka dirisiwa? Simolola ka go rulaganya tshedimosetso ka tsela e e go siametseng.
Boitlhophelo jwa gago bo ikaegile ka dintlha di le mmalwa, go tshwana le nako ya ngwaga (kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga gongwe semesetara o ka batla go rulaganya tshobokanyo go nna le letlhomeso, mme fa e le nako ya go rulaganyetsa ditlhatlhobo tsa gago o ka batla go kwala dintlha ka botlalo e le tsela ya go tsolotanya kitso ya gago), phopholetso ya gago ya mofuta wa tiro e e tshwanetseng go ithutiwa (a e marara, ga e a tlwaelega; a e na le ditsebe tse dintsi tse o tshwanetseng go ithuta mo go tsona?), le mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta (a o simolola ka mogopolo ka kakaretso, gongwe o rata molebo wa kgato ka kgato?).
Fano go latela ditshitshinyo tse o ka di lekeletsang. Fa o simolola khoso, kgato ya ntlha e e ka nnang mosola e ka nna go nna le kitso ka kakaretso gore diteng di ka ga eng. O ka dira seno ka go thadisa mmapatlhaloganyo, setshwantshotlhopha gongwe okanokeramo go ya ka lenane la diteng le ditlhogo tsa dikarolo le dikarolwana.
Fa o simolola kgaolo gongwe karolo, o ka dirisa mongwe wa mekgwa ya kanelo o tshwana le wa karoganyo gongwe go leibola, mokgwa wa mafoko a botlhokwa le ditemana, gongwe mokgwa wa dipotso go kgona go tlhaloganya buka e e tlhaotsweng gongwe kaedi ya thuto. Fa o simolotse ka go dirisa mongwe wa mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha ka ditshwantsho, popego ya khoso gongwe kgaolo e e rileng e tshwanetse ya bo e tsepame mo kakanyong ya gago jaanong. Go nna le popego mo kakanyong fa o ntse o buisa kgaolo mme o kwala dintlha go go thusa go tswa mo ntlheng ya go se itse go ya kwa go ya go itse. O tshwanetse go kgona go ithaya o re: “Ee! Jaanong ke bona gore tsotlhe di golagana jang!”
Go dirisa mekgwa ya ditshwantsho le ya kanelo ya go kwala dintlha go netefatsa gore ga o lapisege le go otsela fa o ntse o ithuta. Go refosanya mekgwa go tlaa go thusa go nna o tsepamisitse mogopolo mo tirong. Fa o batla bokao ka botlhaga, go gakologelwa tshedimosetso go nna bonolo. Go kopanya mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha go itse matheriale wa khoso ya gago ke togamaano ya moithuti yo o botlhale! Go sa tshwenye gore mokgwa wa gago ke ofe (wa ditshwantsho gongwe wa kanelo), kgwetlho ya go kwala dintlha e ikaegile mo bokgoning jwa gago go lekeletsa melebo e e farologaneng ya go ithuta le go supa e e bokgoni thata.
Example of a visual note making method: mind map
Dikgato tse o tshwanetseng go di latela
Kgato 1
Simolola ka mogopolo wa botlhokwa. Dirisa lenane la diteng – ke yona tshobokanyo tota ya kaedi ya thuto gongwe buka.
Kgato 2
Tsenya mafoko gongwe dipolelwana tsa botlhokwa go atolosa mogopolo wa botlhokwa (ditlhogo tsa dikgaolo gongwe dikarolo).
Kgato 3
Fa o tlhoka mafoko gongwe dipolelwana tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa, dirisa ditlhogwana tse di mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe. Jaanong o na le letlhomeso (go tlhaloganya ka moo dikarolo tse di farologaneng, dikgaolo, le dikgaolopotlana di amanang ka gona)
Kgato 4
Dirisa mmapatlhaloganyo jaaka itlhatlhobo. Baya dibuka le dintlha. Tsaya letlhare le le sa kwalelang sepe la pampiri mme o dirise kgakologelo ya gago go tlhagisa se o fetsang go se kwala mo mmapatlhaloganyong. Se tshwantshe le maiteko a gago a ntlha.
Example of a narrative note-making method: question system
Steps to follow
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Study @ Unisa ke sediriswa sa gago sa botlhokwa sa go ithuta. Dirisa tshedimosetso e e mo kaeding eno go go thusa go simolola dithuto tsa gago. Go tlaleletsa, kaedi e tlamela ka digoke tse di bonako tsa tshegetso yotlhe e e tlamelwang ke Unisa, gammogo le tshedimosetso malebana le ditirego tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le go neela ditirogae.
O hloka ho ngola dinoutse hobane o hloka mokgwa wa ho boloka tlhahisoleseding.
Ka ho ngola dinoutse, o tla utlwisisa sehlooho ka botebo.
Baithuti ba hole ha ba kene ditlelaseng ho mamela thupelo; ba ithutela kantle ho khamphase, ka tlhaisoleseding eo ba e hlokang e ka hara ditataiso tsa boithuto (tse ka bang inthaneteng kapa tse hatisitsweng), dibuka tsa thuto, le mehlodi e meng, jwalo ka dingodilweng tsa koranta. Ho bala ho ithuta ha hwa lekana. Baithuti ba atlehileng ba ngola dinoutse ka seo ba se badileng.
Dinoutse di na le merero e mmedi:
Ha o ntse o ithuta dikahare tse ntjha, o lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore o sebetsa ka disebediswa tseo e le hore o kgone ho di utlwisisa le ho bo hopola. Tlhahisoleseding e ntjha e ka sebetswa hantle haeba o e hlophisa botjha hore e dumellane le mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta. Mokgwa o motle wa ho sebetsana le tlhahisoleseding ke ho ngola dinoutse. Dinoutse tse bonwang le dinoutse tsa mela ke mekgwa e mmeli ya mantlha ya ho ngola dinoutse. Ha re bua ka mokgwa o pharaletseng, haeba o na le mokgwa wa ho ithuta o inahanelwang, mokgwa wa boqapi, wa pono wa ho ngola dinoutse e lokela ho ba ntho e ntle ho wena. Haeba mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta e le wa nnete, o ka kgetha mokgwa o hlophisitsweng, mohato ka mohato, wa phetelo wa ho ngola dinoutse.
O etsa qeto jwang hore na ke mokgwa ofe o molemohadi o ka sebediswang? Qala ka ho hlophisa botjha tlhahisoleseding ka tsela e tla o tshwanela.
Kgetho ya hao e itshetlehile ka dintlha tse mmalwa, tse kang nako ya selemo (maqalong a selemo kapa semestara o ka nna wa batla ho etsa kakaretso ya ho theha moralo wa ditshupiso, athe ha e le nako ya ho itokisetsa ditlhahlobo tsa hao o ka nna wa batla ho ngola dintlha e le mokgwa wa ho kopanya motheo wa tsebo ya hao), kgakanyo ya hao ya mofuta wa mosebetsi wa boithuto (na o rarahane, kapa ha o o tsebe; na o kenyelletsa maqephe a mangata a thuto?), le mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta (na o qala ka mohopolo o akaretsang, kapa o kgetha mokgwa wa mohato ka mohato?).
Ditlhahiso tseo o ka ratang ho di hlahloba ke tsena. Ha o qala thupelo, ntlha ya bohlokwa ya ho tloha e ka ba ho theha mohopolo o akaretsang wa hore na dikahare di bua ka eng. O ka etsa sena ka ho taka mmapa wa mehopolo, ho kopanya dintho tse tshwanang kapa boemedi ba ditshwantsho e thehilweng lethathamong la dikahare le dihlooho tsa karolo le dikarolwana.
Ha o atamela kgaolo kapa karolo, o ka sebedisa o mong wa mekgwa ya ho pheta e kang ho arola le ho ngola, mantswe a sehlooho le mokgwa wa dirapa, kapa mokgwa wa ho botsa dipotso ho finyella kutlwisiso e tebileng ya buka kapa tataiso ya ho ithuta. Haeba o qadile ka ho sebedisa e nngwe ya mekgwa ya ho etsa dinoutse tse bonwang, sebopeho sa thupelo kapa kgaolo e itseng jwale di lokela ho tshwarwa mohopolong wa hao. Ho hopola moralo ha o ntse o bala kgaolo kaofela ebe o ngola dinoutse ho o thusa ho tloha boemong boo o sa bo tlwaelang ho ya boemong ba ho tseba. O lokela ho re ho wena: "E! Jwale ke bona kamoo tsohle di dumellanang kateng!"
Ho sebedisa mekgwa ya pono le ya ho pheta ya ho ngola dinoutsu ho netefatsa hore ha o tenehe le ho otsela ha o ntse o ithuta. Ho fetola pakeng tsa mekgwa ho tla o thusa ho boloka mohopolo wa hao. Ha o batla moelelo ka mafolofolo, ho hopola tlhahisoleseding ho ba bonolo. Ho kopanya mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho ngola dinoutse ho ipabola dithutong tsa hao ke leano la moithuti ya bohlale ho ithuta! Ho sa tsotelehe mokgwa oo o o ratang (wa pono kapa wa phetelo), phephetso ya ho ngola dinoutse ke bokgoni ba hao ba ho etsa diteko ka mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho ithuta mesebetsi le ho tseba e sebetsang hantle.
Mohlala wa mokgwa wa ho etsa dinotse tse bonwang: mmapa wa kelello
Mehato e lokelang ho latelwa
Mohato wa 1
Qala ka mohopolo o bohareng. Sebedisa lethathamo la dikahare - ke kakaretso e kgutshwane ka ho fetesisa ya tataiso kapa buka
Mohato wa 2
Kenya mantswe a bohlokwa kapa dipolelwana ho hodisa mohopolo o bohareng (dihlooho tsa dikgaolo le dihlooho tsa dikarolo).
Mohato wa 3
Haeba o hloka mantswe a sehlooho kapa dipolelwana tse ding, sebedisa dihloohwana tse kgaolong ka nngwe. Hona jwale o thehile moralo wa ditshupiso (kutlwisiso ya hore na dikarolo tse fapaneng, dikgaolo, le dikarolwana tsa tsona di amana jwang).
Mohato wa 4
Sebedisa mmapa wa kelello e le ho itlhahloba. Behella dibuka le dinoutse tsa hao ka thoko. Nka pampiri e hlwekileng, mme ka hlooho o hlahise seo o sa tswa se etsa ka mmapa wa kellello. E bapise le boiteko ba hao ba pele.
Mohlala wa mokgwa wa ho ngola dinoutse tsa ho pheta: tsamaiso ya dipotso
Mehato e lokelang ho latelwa
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Study @ Unisa ke sesebediswa tsa hao sa ho iphedisa. Sebedisa tlhahisoleseding e tataisong ena ho o thusa ho qala dithuto tsa hao. Ho feta moo, tataiso e fana ka dikgokahano tse potlakileng ho tshehetso yohle e fanwang ke Unisa le tlhahisoleseding mabapi le ditshebetso tsa bohlokwa jwalo ka ho fana ka mesebetsi.
Udinga ukubhala amanothi ngoba udinga isistimu yokugcina ulwazi.
You will understand the topic in more depth.
Ngokubhala amanothi, uzosiqonda isihloko ngokujula okwengeziwe.
Abafundi abafunda emakhaya abalubhadi emakilasini ukuyolalela izinkulumo; bafunda ngaphandle kwekhampasi, nolwazi abaludingayo luqukethwe kumhlahlandlela wokufunda (okungenzeka ube ku-inthanethi noma ophrintiwe), izincwadi zokufunda, neminye imithombo, efana nezindatshana zamajenali. Ukufunda ukufundwayo akwanele. Abafundi abaphumelele babhala amanothi kulokho abakufundile.
Amanotho ahlose okubili:
Lapho ufunda okuqukethwe okusha, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucubungula indaba ukuze ukwazi ukukuqonda futhi ukukhumbule. Ulwazi olusha lucutshungulwa kangcono uma uluhlela kabusha ukuze luhambisane nendlela yakho yokufunda. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokucubungula ulwazi ukwenza amanothi. Amanothi abonakalayo namanothi emigqa yizitayela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwenza amanothi. Ngokujwayelekile , uma unesitayela sokufunda esicatshangelwayo, indlela yokudala, ebonakalayo yokwenza amanothi kufanele ikuhehe. Uma indlela yakho yokufunda iyiqiniso kakhulu, ungakhetha indlela ehlelekile, yesinyathelo nesinyathelo, elandisayo yokwenza amanothi.
Unquma kanjani ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokufaka isicelo? Qala ngokuhlela kabusha ulwazi ngendlela evumelana nawe.
Ukukhetha kwakho kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengesikhathi sonyaka (ekuqaleni konyaka noma isimista ungase ufune ukulungiselela isifinyezo ukuze uthole uhlaka lwereferensi, kanti uma sekuyisikhathi sokulungiselela izivivinyo zakho ufuna ukurekhoda imininingwane njengendlela yokuhlanganisa isisekelo solwazi lwakho), isilinganiso sakho sohlobo lomsebenzi wocwaningo (ingabe uyinkimbinkimbi, noma awujwayelekile; ingabe uhlanganisa amakhasi amaningi okufunda?), kanye nesitayela sakho sokufunda (ingabe uqala ngombono jikelele, noma ukhetha indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo?).
Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso ongase uthande ukuzihlola. Uma uqala isifundo, iphuzu eliwusizo lokusuka kungaba ukwakhiwa kombono ophelele wokuthi okuqukethwe kumayelana nani. Lokhu ungakwenza ngokudweba imephu yengqondo, iklasatagramu noma i-oganogramy esekelwe kuthebula lokuqukethwe kanye nezigaba nezihlokwana.
Uma ufunda isahluko noma ingxenye, ungasebenzisa enye yezindlela zokulandisa ezifana nokuhlukanisa kanye nokulebula, igama elibalulekile nendlela yendima, noma indlela yemibuzo ukuze uzuze ukuqonda okuseduze kwencwadi yokufunda noma inkomba yokufunda. Uma uqale ngokusebenzisa enye yezindlela zokwenza amanothi abukwayo, ukwakheka kwesifundo noma isahluko esithile manje kufanele kumiswe enkumbulweni yakho. Ukukhumbula isakhiwo lapho ufunda isahluko sonke bese ubhala amaphuzu kukusiza ukuba usuke emqondweni ongajwayelekile uye kowokwazi. Kufanele ukwazi ukuzitshela ukuthi: "Yebo! Manje sengiyabona ukuthi kuhlangana kanjani konke!"
Ukusebenzisa kokubili izindlela ezibonwayo nezokulandisa kwenza amanothi ukuba abe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi awubi nesizungi futhi awozeli ngenkathi ufunda. Ukushintsha phakathi kwezindlela kuzokusiza ukuthi ugcine ukugxila kwakho. Uma usesha ngenkuthalo incazelo, ukukhumbula ulwazi kuba lula. Ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezihlukene zokwenza amanothi ukuze ukwazi ukufunda kahle izinto zakho zesifundo isu lomfundi ohlakaniphe ngokufunda! Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isitayela osithandayo (esibonwayo noma esilandisayo), inselele yokwenza amanothi igxile ekhonweni lakho lokuzama izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufunda imisebenzi kanye nokubona ephumelela ebaluleke kakhulu.
Isibonelo sendlela yokwenza amanothi abukwayo: imephu yengqondo
Izitebhu ezizolandelwa
Isitebhu soku-1:
Qala ngomqondo ophakathi nendawo. Sebenzisa uhlu lokuqukethwe - yisifinyezo esifingqiwe kakhulu somhlahlandlela wokufunda noma incwadi.
Isitebhu sesi-2:
Engeza amagama abalulekile noma imishwana ukuze wandise umqondo omaphakathi (izihloko zesahluko nesiqephu).
Isitebhu sesi-3:
Uma udinga amagama abalulekile engeziwe noma imishwana, sebenzisa izihlokwana ezingaphakathi kwesahluko ngasinye. Manje ususungule uhlaka lwereferensi (ukuqonda ukuthi izigaba ezihlukahlukene, izahluko, nezigatshana zazo zihlobana kanjani).
Isinyathelo sesi-4:
Sebenzisa imephu yengqondo ukuzihlola wena. Susa ubeke eceleni izincwadi zakho namanothi. Thatha ishidi lephepha elihlanzekile bese kuthi ngalakho okukhumbulayo wenze kabusha lokho osanda kukuthola kumephu yengqondo. Qhathanisa nomzamo wakho wokuqala.
Isibonelo sendlela yokulandisa okubhaliwe: uhlelo lwemibuzo
Izitebhu ezizolandelwa
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
Study @ Unisa iyikhithi yakho yokusindisa yokufunda. Sebenzisa ulwazi olukulo mhlahlandlela ukukusiza ukuthi uqalise ngezifundo zakho. Ukwengeza, umhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngezixhumanisi ezisheshayo kukho konke ukwesekwa okunikezwa yi-Unisa kanye nolwazi olumayelana nezinqubo ezibalulekile njengokuthumela ama-asayinimenti.
Udzinga kubhala emanotsi ngoba udzinga indlelanchubo yesilondvoloti selwati.
Ngekubhala emanotsi, utawuvisisa sihloko kahle kakhulu.
Bafundzi labafundza bucalu abayi emaklasini kute balalele bafundzisi; bafundza ngaphandle kwekhempasi, lwati labaludzingako lokucuketfwe kutinkhombandlela tekufundza (lokungenteka kutsi tibe ku-inthanethi noma tiphrintwe), emabhuku lancunyiwe, kanye naleminye imitfombolusito, njengema-athikili ejenali. Kudadisha ngekufundza akweneli. Bafundzi labaphumelele babhala emanotsi lamayelana naloko labakufundzile.
Emanotsi anetisa tinhloso letimbili:
Uma ufundza lokucuketfwe lokusha, udzinga kwenta siciniseko sekutsi uyakuhluta loko lokufundzile kute kutsi ukuvisise uphindze futsi ukukhumbule. Lwatiso lolusha luhluteka kahle kakhulu uma ngabe ulubona ngeliso lekutsi lutawufanela indlela yakho yekufundza. Indlela lekahle kakhulu yekuhluta lwatiso kutsi ubhale emanotsi. Kubhala emanotsi ngekulandzelana kwetihloko nekuwabhala ngekwenta imidvwebo netimphawu nguto totimbili tendlela letinkhulu tekubhala emanotsi. Uma kubekwa ngalokubanti, uma ngabe unendlela yekufundza yekucabanga, kucamba, kubuka ubhale emanotsi ifanele kutsi ibe ngulekuhehako. Uma ngabe indlela yakho yekufundza nguletse kugcila kakhulu kumafekhtsi, unganconota indlela yekubhala emanotsi lechaza ngesinyatselo ngesinyatselo.
Kukhetsa kwakho kusime etintfweni letinyenti, njengesikhatsi semnyaka (ekucaleni kwemnyaka noma kwesimesta ungatsandza kwenta sibutsetelo kute kutsi utfole imigomo lotawusebentela etukwayo, kantsi uma kusikhatsi sekulungiselela luhlolo ungatsandza kucopha imininingwane njengendlela yekuhlanganisa lwatiso lwakho), silinganiselo sakho seluhlobo lwemsebenti wekudadisha (ulukhuni, noma awetayeleki; ingabe kunemakhasi lamanyenti lafanele kutsi afundvwe?), kanye nendlela yakho yekufundza (ucala ngembono loshwambakanyako, noma-ke unconota sinyatselo ngesinyatselo?).
Nayi leminye imibono longatsandza kuyehlwaya. Uma ucala sifundvo, sinyatselo sekucala kungaba kwenta umbono lobutsetelako lomayelana nekutsi loku lokucuketfwe kukhuluma ngani. Loku ungakwenta ngekutsi udvwebe libalavemcondvo, sicheme noma i-oganogramu lesuselwa kulithebula lalokucuketfwe nesihloko sesigaba kanye netihloko tetigatjana.
Uma ubukana nesahluko noma sigaba, ungasebentisa yinye yaletindlela letilandzisako njengekwenta tigaba (tincenye) noma kulebula, emagama labalulekile kanye nendlela yetindzima, noma indlela yemibuto kute kutsi utfole kuvisisa kakhundlwana libhuku lelincunyiwe noma inkhombandlela yekufundza. Uma ngabe ucale ngekusebentisa yinye yetindlela tekubhala emanotsi ngekubuka, luhlaka lwesifundvo noma sahluko lesitsite sifanele kutsi sihlale engcondvweni yakho. Kugcina loluhlaka engcondvweni yakho ngesikhatsi ufundza tonkhe tahluko futsi ubhala nemanotsi kukusita kusuka emcondvweni wekungatayeleki kuye kulokwetayelekile. Ufanele kutsi ukwati kutsi utitjele kutsi: "Yebo! Manje sengiyabona kutsi konkhe kuhlangana kanjani!"
afikelwa kuvilapha nebutfongo ngesikhatsi udadisha. Kusuka kuyinye indlela uye kulenye kukusita kutsi ugcile. Uma ufana inshokutsi ngemdlandla, kukhumbula lwatiso kuba lula kakhundlwana. Kuhlanganisa tindlela letehlukene tekubhala emanotsi kute kutsi wati kahle lokucuketfwe sifundvo sakho lisubuciko lesitjudeni lesifundza ngekuhlakanipha! Nanoma-nje unendlela yakho loyitsandzako (yekubuka neyekulandzisa), insayeya yekubhala emanotsi isime ekhonweni lakho lekulinga tindlela letehlukene tekwenta umsebenti wakho kanye nekutfola leto letisebenta kahle kakhulu.
Sibonelo sendlela yekubhala emanotsi yekubuka: libalavemcondvo
Tinyatselo lekufanele kutsi utilandzele
Sinyatselo 1:
Cala ngemcondvo longumgogodla. Sebentisa lithebula lalokucuketfwe – sibutsetelo lesifisha kakhulu senkhombandlela yekufundza noma selibhuku.
Sinyatselo 2:
Faka emagama noma emabintana labalulekile kute kutsi ukhulise umcondvo longumgogodla (sahluko kanye netihloko tesigaba).
Sinyatselo 3:
Uma ngabe udzinga lamanye emagama noma emabintana labalulekile, sebentisa letihloko tetigatjana esahlukweni ngasinye. Manje sewente lotawusebentela etukwato (kuvisisa kutsi letigaba. tahluko kanye netigatjana tato letinyenti letehlukene tihlobana kanjani).
Sinyatselo 4:
Sebentisa lelibalavemcondvo njengesivivinyo sekutihlola. Beka emanotsi nemabhuku akho. Tsatsa likhasi leliphepha lelihlobile bese kutsi ngekususa enkhumbulweni yakho sewetfula loko locedza kukufaka kulibalavemcondvo. Kucatsanise nemtamo wakho wekucala.
Sibonelo sendlela yekubhala emanotsi lechazako: indlela yemibuto
Tinyatselo lekufanele kutsi utilandzele
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
i-Study @ Unisa yikhithi yakho yekuphila. Sebentisa lolwatiso lolukulenkhombandlela lukusite kucala tifundvo takho. Kwengeta, lenkhombandlela ikunika emalinki lasheshako ako konkhe kwesekelwa lokuniketwa yi-Unisa kanye nelwatiso lolumayelana netinchubo letibalulekile njengekungenisa tivivinyo.
Tsintsa sikhungo sase-Unisa lesidvutane nawe ubute ngemihlanganosikolo lekhona yemakhono ekufundza leniketwako. Uma ngabe awukhoni kuya kulomhlanganosikolo wena ngekwakho, download setfulo sekubhalwa kwemanotsi.
Utlhoga ukwenza amanothi ngombana utlhoga ihlelo lokubulunga ilwazi.
Ngokwenza amanothi, uzakuzwisisa isihloko ngokungeneleleko.
Abafundi abafunda basemakhaya abayi ematlasini ukobana bayokulalela amalektjhara; bafunda basemakhaya, bafunda ngelwazi abalitlhogako elingaphakathi kwemihlahlandlela yokufunda (okungenzeka ibe ngethungelelwano/onlayini namkha aphrinthiwe), iincwadi zokufunda, begodu neminye imithombo, efana nama-athikili wamajenali. Ukufunda ngencwadi akukaneli. Abafundi abaphumelelako benza amanothi ngalokho abakufundileko.
Amanothi asiza ngeminqopho emibili:
Lokha nawufunda ilwazi elitjha, kufanele wenze isiqiniseko sokobana uqala imatheriyali ukuze ukghone ukuyizwisisa nokuyikhumbula. Ilwazi elitjha uqalana nalo kuhle lokha nawulihlela ngobutjha ukobana likhambisane nendlelakho wena ofunda ngayo. Indlela ehle yokuqalana nelwazi kukobana wenze amanothi. Amanothi owabona ngamehlo kanye namanothi ozenzela wona bunqopha ngiwo wombili aziintayela eziqakathekileko zokuzenzela amanothi. Kuhlekuhle nangabe unesitayela sokufunda ngokubona izinto ngomkhumbulo, indlela enobukghwari yokwenza amanothi ngiyo Kanye ekufanele uyilandele. Nangabe isitayela sakho sokufunda sinamaphuzu aqakathekileko, kungenzeka unyule leso esihlelekileko, segadango negadango, indlela yokucoca kunokobana wenze amanothi.
Uthatha njani isiqunto sokobana le ngiyo indlela ehle ekufanele uyisebenzise? Thoma ngokuhlela ntanzi ilwazi ngendlela ezakukhambisana nawe.
Ukukhetha kwakho kulawulwa zizinto ezinengi, ezifana nesikhathi somnyaka (ekuthomeni komnyaka namkha kwesimesta ungathanda ukulungiselela isirhunyezo ukobana uthole ifreyimu yereferensi, ukobana lokha nakusikhathi sokobana ulungiselele iinhlahlubo zakho ungafuna ukutlola phasi koke njengendlela yokuhlanganisa lokho okusekela ilwazi lakho), isilinganiso somhlobo womsebenzi ofundwako (ingabe sibudisi, namkha asikajayeleki; ingabe sinamakhasi amanengi afundwako?), begodu isitayela sakho sokufunda (ingabe uthoma ngombono opheleleko namkha unyula indlela yokukhamba ngegadango negadango?).
Nazi ezinye iimphakamiso ongafuna ukuzihlola. Lokha nawuthoma ikhosi, indlela ehle yokobana uthome kungaba kuzibumbela umbono opheleleko wokobana ingabe isifundo sikhuluma ngani. Ungenza lokhu ngokobana udwebe umebhe wengqondo, itlastagremu namkha ukuhlela ngokulandelana kwemikhakha esekelwa ngilokho okumunyethweko kanye neenhlokwana zeengaba neengatjana ezingaphasi.
Lokha nawufika esahlukweni namkha esigabeni, ungasebenzisa yinye yeendlela zokucoca ezifana nokuhlukanisa kanye nokuleyibula, indlela yamagama aziinkomba kanye nokuhlela amagama ngokweendima, indlela yokwakha imibuzo, ukobana uzwisise kuhle incwadi efundwako namkha umhlahlandlela ofundwako. Nangabe uthome ngokusebenzisa enye yeendlelezi zokwenza amanothi ngokuwaqala, isakhiwo sekhosi namkha isahluko esithileko kufana njenganje silunge emkhumbulwenakho. Ukubeka isakhiwo emkhumbulweni lokha nawufunda isahluko bese wenza amanothi kukusiza ukobana usuke kilowo muzwa wokungajayeli uye kilowo wokwazi. Kufanele ukghone ukuzitjela uthi: “Iye! Njenganje sengiyabona bona koke lokhu kuhlangana njani!”
Ukusebenzisa kokubili iindlela zokuqala ubone nezokucoca ukobana wenze amanothi kuqinisekisa bona awubhoreki uphathwe buthongo lokha nawufundako. Ukutjhuguluka usebenzise enye indlela kuzakusiza ukobana ukghone ukulalela kuhle. Lokha nawufuna ihlathululo, ukhumbula ilwazi kuba lula khulu. Ukuhlanganisa iindlela ezihlukeneko nawenza amanothi ukobana uzwisise imatheriyali yekhosakho kuliqhinga lesitjudeni esifunda ngokuvula amehlo! Kungakhathaleki bona ngisiphi isitayela osinyulako (kungaba ngesokuqala namkha sokucoca), isitjhijilo sokuthatha amanothi sidzimelele ekghonweni lakho lokwenza ihlolombono ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokobana ufunde imisebenzi nokobana ukghone ukubona lezo ezisebenza kuhle.
EIsibonelo sendlela yokuthatha amanothi ngokuwaqala: umebhebgqondo
Amagadango ekufanele uwalandele
Igadango loku-1
Thoma ngombono ophakathi. Sebenzisa ithebula lokunyethweko – kusirhunyezo esifitjhani somhlahlandlela ofundwako namkha incwadi.
Igadango lesi-2
Faka amagama aziinkomba namkha amabinzana wamagama ukunabisa umbono ophakathi (iinhlokwana zesahluko Kanye nesigaba).
Igadango lesi-3
Nangabe ufuna amagama ziinkomba namkha amabinzana wamagama amanengana, sebenzisa iinhlokwana zangaphasi ngaphakathi kwesinye nesinye isahluko. Njenganje sewuzakhele ifreyimu yereferensi (ukuzwisisa ukobana iingaba ezihlukeneko, izahluko Kanye neengatjana zazo ezingaphasi zihlobana namkha zikhambisana njani).
Igadango lesi-4
Sebenzisa umebhengqondo njengesihlahlubo sokuzihlola wena. Beka ususe iincwadi zakho namanothi wakho. Thatha iphepha elingakatlolelwa litho bese ukhiqize koke lokho okukhumbulako okungilokho okutlole kumebhengqondo. Kumadanise nomzamakho wokuthoma.
Isibonelo sendlela yokuthatha amanothi ngokweengcoco: ihlelo lombuzo
Amagadango alandelwako
Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
I-Study @ Unisa kusisetjenziswa sakho sokufunda ukuze uphumelele. Sebenzisa ilwazi kilomhlahlandlela ukuze likusize ukobana ukghone ukuthoma neemfundo zakho. Ukungezelela, umhlahlandlela ukunikela amalinki amsinya akusakilo loke isekelo elinikelwa yi-Unisa kanye nelwazi leendlela zeenkambiso eziqakathekileko ezifana nokuthumela imitlolo-phenyo.